Are modes simply scales?

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Not at all! When discussing modes it is very important to differentiate between a scale and a mode. Scales can theoretically have the same names as modes as their names correspond to the scale degree they represent however you can theoretically play a Mixolydian scale (or scale beginning on the 5th scale degree) while actually playing in any other mode (such as Locrian as an example). You can play a Lydian scale while still being in a Dorian mode.

You can use a blues scale in a metal song yet you’re still not playing the blues itself just as you can play a whole tone scale over a blues rhythm and call it blues.

A scale is simply a set of steps or a pattern of notes and the scale you might choose can be simply a preference you might have over another scale due to personal preference or because it is preferred for a specific technique.

A mode however consists of a set of chords, usually a IV and V chord (or a substitution) and repeating tonal center which results in a specific feeling, mood, style … or mode. The difference with a style such as blues or reggae might include the actual rhythm itself as you can play in Dorian while also having a reggae rhythm. And of course the various intricacies of reggae, blues, disco, classical etc (rhythm, tempo, attitude, lyrical content, common techniques, licks, tricks and passages) make the piece much more complete.

Modes are styles or fashion and relate more to a mood than a rhythm.

As for the rules:

The ‘rules’ usually only matter if you are trying to reproduce music from a specific time period or style because there are specific things that composers did in a specific period that was not done at a different time. Therefore to reproduce baroque music you have to follow that specific rule set to do it justice for example. If you are composing music and just want to be creative, you do ‘you’ and hopefully someone will explain it later.

Theory is however a set of tools to facilitate your creativity and to communicate with other musicians, as we’re doing here. 😎👍